In this study, the effect of single (1-S), double (2-S) and triple (3-S) serpentine flow field configuration on the performance of PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Nomenclature: A, area (m 2) a c, surface-to-volume ratio (m 2 /m 3) a, water activity D i, diffusivity of specie i (m 2 /s) h, enthalpy (J/mol) h c, free convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2 K) I, current (A) i, current density (A/m 2) i 0, volumetric reference exchange current density (A/m 3) k, gas permeability (1/m 2) M w, molecular weight (kg/kmol) P, pressure (Pa) p sat, saturation pressure (Pa) p v, vapor pressure (Pa) R, volumetric transfer current (A/m 3) R, universal gas constant (J/K-mol) r w, condensation rate (kg/m 3-s) s, liquid water volume fraction T, temperature (K) u, v, w, velocity components (m/s) V, volume (m 3) V, voltage (V) F, Faraday's constant (C/Kmol) Greek symbols: σ, electrical conductivity (1/ohm-m) ϕ, electric potential (volts) j ref, reference exchange current density per active surface area (A/ m 2) ζ, specific active surface area (1/m), ref, local species concentration (Kmol/m 3) γ, concentration dependence α, transfer coefficient η, surface over potential h react, net enthalpy change due to the electrochemical reactions R ohm, ohmic resistivity of the conducting media h L, enthalpy change due to condensation/vaporization of water The ECSSFF has shown superior performance over the triple serpentine design under all these conditions. A parametric study is carried out by varying operating conditions, viz, cell temperature and inlet humidity on air and fuel side. The performance is evaluated in terms of their polarization curves. The performance of PEMFC with ECSSFF has been compared with the performance of triple serpentine flow design on cathode side by keeping all other parameters and anode side flow field design similar. ECSSFF design is used for cathode part of the cell and parallel flow field on anode part of the cell. In the current work, a detailed performance study of enhanced cross-flow split serpentine flow field (ECSSFF) design for PEMFC has been conducted using a three-dimensional (3-D) multiphase computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. The problem of inadequate water evacuation and improper reactant distribution become more severe and these designs become worse at higher current loads (low voltages). But these flow fields have inherent problems of high pressure drop, improper reactant distribution, and poor water management, especially near the U-bends. Most generally used flow channel designs in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are serpentine flow designs as single channels or as multiple channels due to their advantages over parallel flow field designs.
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We also report here theĭiscrepancies that we found for blood creatinine assays after observations in our neonatal intensive care unit detected an Using aqueous commercial solutions, blood products enriched in vitro, and patient blood samples, we performed the requiredĪnd additional studies to comply with accreditation regulations and attain our specific objective. Linearity (analytical range), and accuracy before reporting patient test results by a newly introduced analytical method. Were comparable to those obtained by the clinical laboratory’s primary methods.Īccreditation regulations require clinical laboratories to verify or establish performance criteria for reproducibility (precision), Our aim was to determine if results obtained by this analyzer, under considerationįor bedside use in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) settings, Of oxygen (pO 2), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) performed at the MUSC Medical Center. (K), chloride (Cl), ionized calcium (iCa), glucose, urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine, hematocrit (hct), pH, partial pressure In this report we describe precision, linearity, and comparison studies of i-STAT measurements of blood sodium (Na), potassium One of our major concerns as health-care providers and clinical laboratorians is the validation of measurements by POC devicesĬompared to the primary instruments and methods used in the central clinical laboratory, to ensure the transferability andĬonsistent interpretation of test results. Previous evaluations of assays of whole blood electrolytes, metabolites, and blood gases with this analyzer in variousĬlinical settings have generally provided favorable, but occasionally somewhat unfavorable, critiques. Windsor, NJ), a POC device that uses various single-use multisensor cartridges, that was marketed in the United States early We evaluated the i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer (PCA i-STAT Corp, East Glucose, coagulation assays, and urine analysis. The need for more specialized and efficient support systems for neonatal and pediatric patients who require intensive careĪt our medical center mandated our clinical laboratory to expand point of care (POC) testing, in addition to that for blood Previous Section Next Section Introduction Of the PCA is attributed to careful analytical evaluations and ongoing communication with the clinical staff. This problem notwithstanding, the successful implementation Samples) and to our eventual discontinuation of the PCA creatinine assay. Neonatal blood samples that would have affected clinical management led to a second creatinine comparison study (59 additional Reproducibility (CV) was good ( or < 3 mo) showed that agreement between the PCA and the primary methods was clinically acceptable.Īfter the PCA was implemented for clinical testing, the observation of discrepant results of creatinine concentrations in Supplemented with several analytes, and ~225 blood samples from patients. Four cartridge types: (a) EC8+ (sodium potassium chloride urea glucose pH blood gases ), (b) EC6+ (sodium potassium ionized calcium glucose hematocrit pH), (c) G3+ (pH pO 2 pCO 2), and (d) creatinine, were assessed for reproducibility, linearity, and method comparisons using aqueous samples, blood samples The clinical laboratory’s primary methods (Radiometer ABL 725 blood gas analyzer Vitros 750 chemistry analyzer and Coulter The neonatal and pediatric intensive care units of the MUSC Children’s Hospital would be as reliable as those performed by Our objective was to determine whether PCA measurements at the bedside of patients in Of a hand-held analyzer and single-use cartridges that measure different panels of electrolytes, metabolites, blood gases,Īnd hematocrit in 65–100 μl of blood. 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TripMode Deals Cracked Cracked Shop is the leading destination for stylish accessories, gadgets, everyday carry essentials & more. They have the kind of passion that inspires people to care for their neighbour, to motivate work for education in schools, or in healthcare. But billions of people take their religion or belief so seriously that they would consider giving their life for it. Religious communities can themselves be agents of repression and violence, often through manipulation. FoRB matters because, when people are free to worship and express themselves, faiths work with others to bring flourishing: they bring grassroots community transformations that are the golden hope of the soft power of diplomats and development NGOs. The average Anglican is a woman in her 30s in the Global South on less than $4 per day with a 50% chance of being in a zone of conflict or persecution.Ĩ0% of the world describe themselves as religious, and those who don’t have the same rights to freedom. The greatest privilege of my work is to oversee the ministry of the Anglican Communion, the third largest global church, with presence in 165 countries. I have 4 minutes, so please excuse the blunt and direct way I shall speak. Thank you Foreign Secretary and all in the UK Government team for hosting us today for such an important meeting. Read Archbishop Justin's speech, as prepared for delivery, below: If you don’t offer people freedom, safety and opportunity, or if you only offer this to some people and not to others, you are not really leading – and your people will not want to follow.” He told the summit: “Leadership is never easy. Noting that religious communities can themselves be agents of repression and violence, he went on to say that billions have the kind of faith that “inspires people to care for their neighbour, to motivate work for education in schools, or in healthcare”. “When national leaders pursue freedom of religion and belief, they have an opportunity to bring a wealth of wisdom around the table, harnessed to the common good,” he said. The Archbishop also cautioned against marginalising freedom of religion. “Women, minorities, many other people miss out.” “We know that, when freedoms of expression and worship are restricted, other freedoms and opportunities are limited too," he said. He highlighted how religious repression can often be linked with wider restrictions in societies. Thanking the UK Government for hosting the meeting, he told delegates: “Freedom of Religion or Belief matters because, when people are free to worship and express themselves, faiths work with others to bring flourishing: they answer the needs of development and reconciliation bring grassroots community transformations that are the golden hope of the soft power of diplomats and development NGOs.” He told a global summit on Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB) in London how faith inspires “billions” of people in the world today to serve their communities.Īrchbishop Justin was addressing the Fourth Annual Global Ministerial Summit on Freedom of Religion or Belief, which is being hosted by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Restrictions on freedom of worship often go hand-in-hand with other forms of repression including against women and minorities, the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby has warned government ministers from around the world. To decrease motion blur the fastest high speed shooting possible is desired. Then we use the highest possible frame rate to capture all three exposures. For these shots we enable AEB for three exposures (usually about 1.33 EV apart). Software can work very well to align your bracketed images (more later) so in many cases shooting HDR hand-held can work quite well. Using live view or mirror lockup can reduce camera shake when taking longer exposures.Use a remote if available or the camera's built-in timer.Sturdy tripod, heads, clamps and plates are needed.The photo below stressed the 30 second limit quite a bit.įor HDR a tripod is even more essential than with single shots, to avoid any movement between photos. Yes, I know long exposures can create noise, but many cameras work quite well beyond 30 second exposures. I don't believe there's a solid technical reason for this any more. All cameras we know of limit the maximum exposure time to 30 seconds.Limited the maximum number of bracketed shots to 3 photos (except in the higher priced cameras).We've pushed for change in our reviews for years but manufacturers have yet to take note. Limited maximum EV step of 1EV (in some cases it's limited to 2/3EV). Note: It's unfortunate that some camera manufacturers limit some features which would be useful to HDR photography: Here is how it looks on more recent Canon and Nikon cameras. Here the camera controls the exposures of all the shoots needed. Normally we rely on the camera's AEB (Auto Exposure Bracketing) feature. Depending on your personal shooting style you can then decide on whether to use a tripod or shoot the scene handheld. If the most overexposed photo of the set can't be taken without a tripod (without inducing motion blur), the only option is to use a good tripod or forget about HDR.Īfter analyzing the scene (which normally only takes a few seconds) you should know how many brackets to shoot.Your personal style of photography (tripods are stable but handheld gives you more flexibility).Two factors will help you decide wether to use a tripod or not: While highlight clipping should always be avoided it is your artistic decision how open the shadows should be. Note: These types of images only pay off if there is an artistic balance between the interior and exterior zones of the image.Īlways make sure you know how to capture the details in the highlights and how to get the shadow details you want. The use of a manual programmable remote control allows you to change the exposure time without moving the camera. In this situation a tripod is of course is a must. Dark room with detail in bright scene outside the windows: Indoors in low light you may need to bracket for 7 or more exposures.Dark rooms with some light through the windows: Here we usually take at least 5 bracketed shots with about 2EV apart.As with the photo above we often shoot these scenes handheld, because there is enough light to get a fast shutter speed (even for the overexposed image). In these cases a single middle exposure photo often works fine but bracketing for HDR can give you more options for nice highlights and open shadows. Midday sun with strong shadows: Take 3 shots at about 1 ~ 1.33 EV apart.Overcast: No HDR needed in most cases (unless you plan to show details in darker shadows).Of course bracketing shots uses more frames and so for fast action should always be turned off to increase responsiveness.Įvaluate the scene for the dynamic range you would like to capture. The first shot will be the normally exposed shot taken at the moment you hit the shutter. We always have the middle exposure as the first shot and have the option to just delete the other exposures later if we don't need them. We almost always shoot bracketed exposures.
He progressed through various management positions at GE Power, including President & CEO of FieldCore, a GE company providing industrial field service for multiple energy industry sectors. “I am honored to be selected to lead the Osmose team and look forward to working with the board, and our outstanding employees in supporting utilities in strengthening their networks, accelerating their grid resiliency efforts and ensuring the safe delivery of energy and telecom services to customers and communities.”Īdams started his career with GE as an international gas turbine field engineer. “Osmose is committed to meeting the rapidly evolving utility and telecommunication infrastructure needs throughout the United States, Europe, Canada and Australia,” said Adams. With more than 30 years of experience with GE Power and Alstom Power and his recent leadership at NCR, Mike brings exactly the right blend of experience to guide Osmose’s explosive growth while ensuring superior delivery and service levels,” said Osmose board chair Geisha Williams. “For our customers’ ongoing success, Osmose must continue to lead the field in both service innovation and operational excellence. Williams will remain as chair of the Osmose Board. Williams, former president and CEO of PG&E Corporation and board chair at Osmose. (Osmose), the market-leading provider of grid asset management and infrastructure support services for electric and telecommunications utilities, announces Mike Adams as its new CEO. PEACHTREE CITY, Ga.-( BUSINESS WIRE)- Osmose Utilities Services, Inc. While waiting, Rob builds a fire around the camp, but the lions continue to kill and, tragically, a malaria attack breaks out. Meanwhile, the government in London has learned about the lion problem and, fearing the loss of money and prestige, sends three world-class hunters to help. The Indians watch mournfully as the tribe buries its dead. The Africans surround one lion with spears but it breaks loose and kills some of their warriors. Rob and Doc then visit the local Masai tribesmen, who are renowned for their lion-hunting abilities. Rob tries to stop them but cannot, until a lion atacks their leader, who, before dying, asks Rob to take care of his people. The workers then pack up and begin to march out of the camp. He stays up all night waiting for them, but as the sun rises, a native races over to inform him that the commissioner has been killed by the lions. As the workers grow more frightened, Rob, who is now desperate to make this project his one success, obsesses over the lions. The commissioner insists the lions must be tracked through the jungle, and, after Rob refuses to leave his team, takes off alone. Minutes later, the lions kill another worker. That night, the commissioner triumphantly shoots a trapped animal, but soon realizes that it is only a hyena. The commissioner, who has heard about the lion problem, visits and orders the workers to construct a trap. Rob and Doc bury the body in secret to stave off mass panic. All night, Rob watches over the body in the hope that the lions will return, but when one finally does, the other lion attacks his assistant. Along with his best friend, Scottish doctor Angus "Doc" Maclean, Rob tries to assuage the workers' fears by hunting the lions, but returns from his safari empty-handed and discovers that the cook has been mauled by the lions. However, when Parkhurst dies of a scorpion bite, Rob is forced to assume leadership. Parkhurst's engineer, Robert Hayward, who has made a habit of failing, joined the expedition through the influence of his father-in-law, railroad financier Conway, and wants as little responsibility as possible. In Kenya in 1898, the British are busy building the first railroad through Africa with a group of East Indian laborers, led by British major Parkhurst, when the project is suddenly halted after the workers, fueled by rumors of two man-eating lions nearby, refuse to continue. |